Rethinking tuberculosis: Microbiological and immunological crossroads in the post-pandemic era

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, further complicated by disruptions in surveillance and management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging evidence positions TB not only as an infectious disease but also as an immune-mediated condition, highlighting the role of host–pathogen interactions in disease persistence. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics, such as metagenomic sequencing, AI-assisted microscopy, and CRISPR-based assays, are transforming early detection and personalized care. At the same time, novel drug regimens for multidrug-resistant TB offer new hope. Integrating host-directed therapies with precision microbiology provides a promising framework for TB control in the post-pandemic era.